Demographic Structure Includes Name, Age, Sex And Ethnicity

Demographic structure includes name,age,sex and ethnicity. Learning Difficulties refers to a condition where people require additional support with learning. The majority of children with a learning difficulty do not have an identified diagnosis but some will have, which includes those with autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) and those with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).Many of those who have difficulties learning do not have associated learning disabilities as defined above. Approximately 10% of the general population are thought to have learning difficulties. Learning difficulties within children and young people means a learning impairment which has a substantial and adverse effect on their ability to carry daily†¦show more content†¦Denmark (1994) highlighted that deaf people within the general population were more likely to be referred with disturbance of behaviour than other types of mental health issues. Hearing loss is an invisible disability that affects people of any age group, from neonates to older adults. People with learning disabilities will already have communication limitations, compromising their education, social functioning and safety. This may be compounded if there is a concurrent hearing loss. Reported prevalence of hearing impairment varies from 12.3% to 47% . Some causes of audiological impairment may be easily corrected, such as impacted ear wax, which occurs commonly in this population. However, a person with limited or no verbal communication skills may have difficulty in conveying deterioration in hearing. In addition, difficulties may be attributed incorrectly to an underlying behavioural problem. It is known that hearing impairment is frequently unrecognised and under-reported by paid carers.Hearing impairment increases with age, severity of hearing disability and the presence of Down’s syndrome. Early detection and intervention should be beneficial. It is possible to assess hearing in persons with profound learning disabilities who may have additional complexities, for example those with challenging behaviours and/or Autistic

Daniel Shays s Influence On American History - 1293 Words

Daniel Shays was born in 1747, being the second child out of (what would be) six children. His father, an immigrant from Ireland, worked as a servant. Shays did not have much of an education. However, he worked as a farm laborer like most young men in this time period. Once he got older, moved away from his parents, and settled with his wife, he became a farmer in West Massachusetts. Daniel Shays was always known to love the military and the thought of it. He also wanted his role and reputation to be greatly known. His role in American history is colossal and extremely important. There are many great aspect of Daniel Shays; he stood up for what he believed in and led a remarkable rebellion. American Revolution At the beginning of the American Revolution, Daniel Shays joined a local militia. Eventually, he went on to join and fight in the American Revolution. He was a very courageous and hard soldier; he was well known for his smart and active personality. Meanwhile during the American Revolution, Shays went from a sergeant to a lieutenant. While fighting in the war, he was a very hard worker. In the American Revolution, he served five consecutive years being the best he can be. He finally reached to become captain of the Fifth Massachusetts Regiment of the Continental Army in 1777. Daniel Shay became known as a popular American Revolutionary War Captain. However, his powerful part in the war came to an end when he eventually got wounded and discharged from the ContinentalShow MoreRelatedThe Rights We Now Have Because Of Our Forefathers1505 Words   |  7 Pagesit and to those who can enforce it. As democracy is compared and analyzed we see how our past educated our fut ure. As a need for separation for our freedom our ancestors started with the Articles of confederation. Although it wasn’t strong enough history followed with the Constitution. 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However, the significance of the event did not lay in the number of casualties or in Revolutionary wartime strategies. The importance of the Revolution lay in its effects of American Society. This landmark in American history has caused important changes to the government, affected vast and deep social changes, and altered the economic state of the newborn nation in the years of 1775 to 1800. From the American Revolution, the United StatesRead MoreThe American Revolution Or Devolution?1591 Words   |  7 PagesTrinity Colter Mrs. Blau United States History 11 May 2017 Revolution or Devolution? The American Revolution was the rebellion of British colonists against England, however, the cost of liberty may very well have been far too high due to the economic crisis which ensued and the inadequacy of the newly formed government, although the freedom to worship as they pleased was gained yet not everyone even benefited from the Revolution. 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Gender Inequality Of The Financial Sector - 1498 Words

Gender Inequality in the Financial Sector Inequality based on gender is an ongoing ethical issue that many women still face in the workplace. Gender inequality refers to unfair treatment and perceptions on another person’s gender and tends to happen a lot in many different companies and organizations. These types of inequality can range from women getting paid less then men or women not chosen for high positions in companies such as CEOs. As Hannah Gould points out in her newspaper article, â€Å"We re good at citing examples of women in influential posts, but in reality, women hold only 14% of board seats and 2% of CEO positions in the financial services despite making up 60% of its global workforce.†(Gould, 2014). This type of gender discrimination should be dealt with immediately but has not been tackled upon yet as sufficiently as we have hoped. As more and more laws are produced, the gender pay gap is either staying the same or widening. Also, in some instances, men are being promoted to higher positions in firms and companies where woman are only holding small marginal roles in those firms and companies. â€Å"Men hold 83% of the executive committee positions within top US companies, leaving 11% of women in staff roles and 6% in line roles† (McCullough, 2014). Clearly there is a gender inequality issue here since the most lucrative high-end job positions are still primarily male dominated and especially in the financial sector where women have trouble getting paid equally toShow MoreRelatedThe Negative Impacts Of International Financial Institutions In Africa, Africa991 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"We are wealthy, yet we are poor,† said Wylbur Simuusa, the Minister of Mines in Zambia, Africa (THE WHY, 2013). Africa is rich in abundance of natural resources. 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Compare and Contrast Library and Internet for Use in...

Compare and contrast Library is a building or house containing thousands of articles, books, magazines, journals, microfilms, maps, government documents and other resources. Every community colleges and universities have a library. There are also some libraries in some areas which are funded by government and privet findings. While we see that library is place or building, most people see the internet as something less physically usable for written work. Basically internet is a worldwide network of computers that has a huge space of data and information. An enormous variety of information, text and media are available on internet for research. Internet and library both are served for the same purpose but as the time goes by the world†¦show more content†¦For an academic writing quality resource is very important. But on the other hand library has professionals to check their resources which are very realistic, reviewed and edited. By this a person can get fresh ideas for his writing which is rea lly helpful. Library has a more accurate source of information than the internet. For a well balanced education library is really important. Library is more than information. Its a culture. A public library contains community activities centre, community information centre, independant learning centre, and research centre. These help a student to develop his ideas and education. Research centre of library contains books or articles related to the research. Librarians have to work hard to maintain the system so that information can be found again. They have to be experts in information retrieval and navigate the organization system. On the other side there is no organization on the internet. There are many search tools which helps to find any data in a second. So both library and internet are important for an academic writtenShow MoreRelatedHi How R U Guys1542 Words   |  7 Pages2nd ed., Oxford, 2011 ISBN 978-0-19-544169-7 * All students are required to use the following Research Guide for their assignments: * Seneca Libraries. Guide to Research and Citation: MLA Style. 3rd ed. Toronto: Seneca College, 2010. Print. * A good quality English-language dictionary (The Oxford Dictionary and the Longman’s Dictionary are recommended.) * A folder/portfolio to keep all your work throughout the semester Note: Electronic dictionaries are not permitted duringRead MoreReligion 111 Syllabus Essay4050 Words   |  17 Pagesï » ¿MOUNT OLIVE COLLEGE ONLINE SYLLABUS 2012-2013 Academic Year Course: Religion 111: Introduction to the Old Testament Instructor: Email: Department Chair: Division Chair: Dean of the School of Arts and Sciences: Credit Hours: 3sh Course Expectations: Outside of class- 20 hours per week REL 111 Introduction to the Old Testament: This course is an examination of the writings of the Old Testament, using an historical and interpretive approach to these writings. GER REL and Humanities Read Moredsfsdsfs4469 Words   |  18 Pagesreaders: We are the small non-profit that runs the #5 website in the world. We have only 175 staff but serve 500 million users, and have costs like any other top site: servers, power, programs, and staff. Wikipedia is something special. It is like a library or a public park. It is like a temple for the mind, a place we can all go to think and learn. To protect our independence, we ll never run ads. We take no government funds. We survive on donations averaging about $30. Now is the time we ask. If everyoneRead MorePsyc Essay3833 Words   |  16 Pages1:00-2:00PM Course Description: This course will provide students with a broad introduction to theory and research in the area of personality psychology. Students will examine topics of concern to personality psychologists and the methods they use to investigate these topics. We will consider a number of distinct theoretical perspectives on personality in this course. 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In fact, history tells us that almost every society had their own pharmacopeia of herbs, potions, and substances that not only contributed to healing, but also allowed the user to escape reality (Schules 1992, 4-5). However, it is the contemporary use of psychoactive drugs purchased through illicit or illegal channels and used by persons neither prescribed nor in quantities larger than necessaryRead MoreComparison and Contrast Essay7914 Words   |  32 Pagesand Contrast Essay Prepared for the Communication Competencies Center University of Puerto Rico at Humacao Title V Project Anà ­bal Muà ±oz Claudio May 2005 Contents Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦i General Objective †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ii Specific Objectives †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ii How can you use this module? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...1 Part I. General Knowledge of Essay Structures and Content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2 Part II. Writing a Comparison and Contrast Essay†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreA Look into the Various Forms of Essay Writing5590 Words   |  23 Pagesmagnates and media barons. McKinsey s 7S Model Introduction This paper discusses McKinsey s 7S Model that was created by the consulting company McKinsey and Company in the early 1980s. Since then it has been widely used by practitioners and academics alike in analysing hundreds of organisations. The paper explains each of the seven components of the model and the links between them. It also includes practical guidance and advice for the students to analyze organizations using this model. 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Bike Vs. Car Free Essays

Watching television is one of the major Issues of this century, which has many physical and psychological effects on people. Television has caused Individuals to have eating disorders. It has made children only want to be like the stars they see on the screen. We will write a custom essay sample on Bike Vs. Car or any similar topic only for you Order Now Lastly, television has created a gap between families. Watching television has become something every family participates In now-a- days. It Is part of a normal standard In everyday use. Slating In front of the television fore a meal and eating there during the meal Is extremely common now. There are even meals made for this called â€Å"TV Dinners†. This causes Individuals to gain a significant amount of weight. This weight gain leads to obesity. Children look up to the people starring on television. They want to be the stars, look like the stars, and even act like them too. This causes the â€Å"monkey see monkey do† effect. Tons of children , and individuals in general, try to be like what they see on television. Drugs, alcohol, violence, sex, and all sorts of other bad influences come from watching television. Children look up to this and are only forced to grow up faster, by being exposed to such things, and participate in such acts. Legalize 2 While watching television, all attention is focused on the screen and dialect coming from the screen. It is especially hard to break focus when one is very interested in a show or movie. This makes it drastically difficult to talk to an individual while they are watching television. In return, this causes a broken bond between families. Children are more focused on the television and seem to ignore their parents. Coincidentally, arenas are guilty as well. They even get so attached to their shows they ignore their children. This causes separation in the home between parents and children. Television was aimed to be a positive object to entertain individuals. Yes, television still airs great shows and movies, although, watching television has caused more negative effects in the long-term. Children are trying to duplicate what they see on television. Parents and children are losing their close-knit relationships. Individuals are even obtaining eating disorders from eating aimlessly while watching television. This is why watching television causes physical and psychological effects on people. Bike Vs.. Car By Arians-Legalize Watching television is one of the major issues of this century, which has many physical and psychological effects on people. Television has caused individuals to Watching television has become something every family participates in now-a- days. It is part of a normal standard in everyday use. Sitting in front of the television before a meal and eating there during the meal is extremely common now. There are even meals made for this called â€Å"TV Dinners†. This causes individuals to gain a How to cite Bike Vs. Car, Papers

Hemingway, In The Old Man And The Sea , Examines The Struggles Of Man Essay Example For Students

Hemingway, In The Old Man And The Sea , Examines The Struggles Of Man Essay andnature through the eyes of the protagonist, Santiago. Santiago senses his place in nature. Although he respects and loves her, he is constantly battling her. The old man, formerlycalled Santiago, is a wise, simple, enduring, and understanding person. The old manknows he must fish to live, but it saddens him that he must kill them sometimes because oftheir magnificence. An example being the Marlin in this story, he considers him a brother,but yet he has to kill him. He compares the Marlin to another male marlin he has encountered (pg.69). Themarlin he recalls had let his mate feed first. Then Santiago caught the female marlin andshe panicked but while she swam around the male stayed right with her. Even after shewas brought up he swam by the boat until at last he jumped up to see his mate one lasttime and dove into the depths of the ocean. The old man and the boy, who parallels theold man in the conflict, felt bad. They promptly begged her pardon and butchered her. During the story he also remembers arm wrestling with a Negro from Ceinfuegos(pg. 69). He recalls the bets that were placed and how the Negro had been so sure hewould win. Santiago thinks how he held the Negro for one whole night and one wholeday. The referees took four hour shifts and on Monday he finally took the Negro down. At that point the old man decided he could do anything he wanted to if he put his mindand body to it. He was referred to as the champion for a while after that. The final struggle starts with a large circle and slowly turned into a short line. Short enough so the man could see the Marlin (pg. 86). Santiago stares on in disbelief, henever thought it would be this big. Sure he had seen it before, but he had no idea that itwould be two to three times as big as the skiff. As the Marlins tail starts to hit the line,the old man knew the Marlin was starting to feel the pain. Santiago gives him some lineeach time he hit it for the pain could drive the Marlin mad, which the old man did notwant. After a long struggle (close to 6 hours), the old man finally had the Marlin. He didregret killing him but knew he had complete his task. It is apparent the old man has gained much wisdom through past experiences. Santiago also has a lot of common sense, or simplicity, as you can see by how he decidedthat there was nothing he could not do after he beat the Negro in arm wrestling. The oldman also shows endurance by staying with the Marlin for two and a half days. He is alsovery understanding by the way he feels sorry for having to kill the Marlin that was hisbrother.

Research Methodologies for Social Principles- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theResearch Methodologies for Social Principles. Answer: Introduction Research is a systematic investigation process to get answers of the identified problem. Social science area is an extended field that uses the objective scientific method. This vast field is divided in two approaches, one is naturalistic and another is more traditional (Payne S. L., 2000). This report mainly discusses the research methodology and two different approaches. The qualitative approach, which is mostly used in attitudinal survey and categorical analysis, whereas the quantitative method is used in numerical data analysis. The shift from ontology to data source identification and all the process in between is identified and explained in the chapter (Cameron, 2010).. Further, the research methodology, key characteristics, strengths and weaknesses are also discussed in the following discussions (Baumann, 2011). Explanation of quantitative and qualitative social research methodologies and paradigms that inform them Before investigation it must be identified what research paradigms do, the research belongs to. The positivists, constructivists and pragmatists are three main criteria of the most common paradigms. The first step of the research is to connect the reality of the research through ontology, epistemology. Then comes the theoretical perspective and deciding on the methodology and data sources. This is the main paradigm shift in old research methods (Cameron, 2010). Quantitative research This method consists of the study of data that are analysed in concern of interpretation of numbers. The quantitative method of research is concerned with describing events and scientific data. Collection of numerical data that represents sets of data to analyse. Quantitative research has some general characteristics (Theobald, 2008). Control element is important for quantitative method and necessary for unambiguous answer to questions. Inquiry of the questions is necessary for control. Operational rule must be applied to measure the steps taken in research. Replication of the data should be reliable Systematic approach to hypothesis testing is done in empirical test Qualitative research This method is more time consuming and critical analysis. This method is less dependent on the numeric data. The qualitative research method is natural and inquiry are not contrived This is also not dependent in the separate variables In major areas of research, qualitative method is used as this provides more in-depth and critical analysis as well as considers the different perspective of the researchers It has been identified that there are four different paradigms in research identified by researchers Positivism in both of the two methodologies, it involves hypothesis testing to gain the main objective of the research numerically tested. Thus, a prediction of happens in the future date and critical realism incorporates value of the assumption. This is mainly focused on quantitative data. Interpretivism Critical humanism is a subordinate type of interpretative paradigm. The approach of the researchers involves people and they studied the process of research. The data gathered in the process is for social change. Reflexivity the reflexivity of the relationship between the research and people being studied. The more focus of the reflexivity element is given in emphasis in qualitative research. Community of practise the people in the work community and their consult with the course of study and helps incorporate others points in the work. This also helps in taking perspectives of their contribution to the research. Explanation of their historical context and identification of what kind of research each method is best suited to Since 1960, the strong move toward qualitative method, the naturalistic or subjective approach is in social science research method has caught the attention of the researchers. Scientific method has always leaned toward the quantitative approach. It was also termed, as homothetic and social reality is the main objective of the individual. When the subject of the social research is based on the variables in and observations are high in numeric values the effectiveness of quantitative method rises compared to qualitative method of researching. Qualitative method is required for attitude-based research. The attitude survey, demographic analysis, statement based interpretation comes under qualitative method of survey (Theobald, 2008). The quantitative method is interpretative and regarded with numbers. Therefore, the analysing with the research is subjective, diagnostic or impressionistic are also taken into consideration while choosing the method. Various factors must be accounted and e valuated. For chemistry and astrophysical experiments, the experimental research design methods are selected. The opinion-based research is used in experimental, arbitrary, interval and ordinal type of research. Quantification of the behavioural measurements is applied in numerical scale, intensity or behaviour, testing emotions or preferences. Observation research methods are also used quasi-experimental methods, case study solution to know the and why of the problem. It is mainly used in social sciences and anthropology study (Hoggart, 2017, April). Evaluation of the impact of the two methodologies on social research Utilising the approaches of the qualitative and quantitative method is needed and evaluating the impact on research has become an enhanced area of research methodology assessments. The implementation and adaption of the combined research study is needs to be aggregated. Quantitative method of data analysing predict relationships among variables but qualitative method uses social analytical frameworks and relationships, interpret patterns and observed trends (Card, 2015). Analytical insights or in depths analysis takes interventions of interpretative leaps based on the two research methods. Combining the impact of evaluation of qualitative and quantitative method needs integration of fieldwork and knowledge gap analysis. Qualitative analysis suggests the importance of construction and complementary indicators and replaces the existing indicators. Sequencing the information according the specific and predefined questions generates the qualitative study. In that case, the contextual study conducted in a sample and subsample survey allows to do comparison in the investigation and large survey in the same quantity (Makagon M. M., 2012). Merging the findings sufficiently to evaluate the impact, improves the analysis process as well as influences of policies of the research. To measure the change in qualitative methods the consideration of quantifying the qualitative impacts is necessary. Quantification addresses the application of indicators and indexes that includes both of observing changes in behaviour or perception of scoring data. In the contextual way the indicators can be collected in various ways, for example survey instrument in existing longitudinal survey of a relatively large sample of targeted population (Payne, 2000). These data are analysed with the approach of community scorecard or citizen report card. Qualitative research triangulates the results, in addition explains the relationships, trends and patterns (Hoggart, 2017, April). Demonstration of critical analysis of the strengths and limitations of each of the methodologies The strength and limitation of qualitative method Strengths Validity and reliability is a major concern for qualitative method of research Qualitative research is important for the suggesting the possible relationships, dynamic processes, cause and effect of relationship. This research methodology is a dependent on social analysis (Makagon M. M., 2012). Limitations It is difficult to apply conventional standards of reliability and validity to every hybrid research The context of research, conditions and events cannot be generalised in this approach of research. Data collection, interpretations and analysis is lengthy process Researchers always emphasised on the subject of the study (Payne, 2000) The strength and limitation of quantitative method Strengths Precision through this approach is highly managed Control of the research is maintained through sample design Statistical techniques are a approach to sophisticated analysis and also the replicability This approach can be used in producing causality statement, thus controlled experiments (Hoggart, 2017, April) Limitations As this research method is mostly based on numeric method complexity rises if it is difficult to control all the involved variables The mechanistic of ethos to exclude notions of freedom and moral responsibility It also fails to take into consideration the different perspectives of interpretation The hypothesis is mostly based on assumptions and the facts may not be true for all context (Baumann, 2011). Reference Baumann, A. N. A., Domenech Rodrguez, M., PARRA?CARDONA, J. R. (2011). Community?based applied research with Latino immigrant families: informing practice and research according to ethical and social justice principles.Family process,50(2), 132-148. Cameron, L., Maslen, R. (2010).Metaphor analysis: Research practice in applied linguistics, social sciences and the humanities. Equinox. Card, N. A. (2015).Applied meta-analysis for social science research. Guilford Publications. Hoggart, L. (2017, April). Collaboration or collusion? Involving research users in applied social research. InWomen's Studies International Forum(Vol. 61, pp. 100-107). Pergamon. Makagon, M. M., McCowan, B., Mench, J. A. (2012). How can social network analysis contribute to social behavior research in applied ethology?.Applied animal behaviour science,138(3), 152-161. Payne, S. L. (2000). Challenges for research ethics and moral knowledge construction in the applied social sciences.Journal of Business Ethics,26(4), 307-318. Payne, S. L. (2000). Challenges for research ethics and moral knowledge construction in the applied social sciences.Journal of Business Ethics,26(4), 307-318. Theobald, S., Nhlema-Simwaka, B. (2008). The research, policy and practice interface: Reflections on using applied social research to promote equity in health in Malawi.Social Science Medicine,67(5), 760-770.

Stephen Lawrence workshop report free essay sample

This report will critically overview and analyse the initial police response of the 1993 Stephen Lawrence murder investigation, covering all aspects of an investigation and how it’s meant to be pursued. It will highlight key steps that were not meet by the initial response in the Lawrence investigation including the ‘five building blocks’, the ‘Golden hour(s)’, appointment of an Senior Investigating Officer (SIO) and then these key principles will be critically compared to that of the Lawrence investigation and using relevant academic sources. The MacPherson Report (1999) will be looked at in relation to these key principles as this report was the main inquest into the failings of the police in the Stephen Lawrence Murder investigation. Also whether the incident was meant to be classed as a critical incident or not will be discussed as this can affect the initial response of the police and their investigation. Five Building Blocks The first officers that attend the scene of a crime can have a monumental impact on the investigation especially when dealing with the forensics side of things as was found in the Stephen Lawrence investigation (Solomos, J. We will write a custom essay sample on Stephen Lawrence workshop report or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page (1999)), the first officer’s contamination through transfer of materials and destruction of vital evidence, some of these were evident in the case of Stephen Lawrence. On the other hand there may be several demands competing for attention such as violent confrontations, public disorder, injuries, distressed victims or witnesses (Beaufort-Moore, D. (2009)) However, the first officers on scene of Lawrence had the ‘five building blocks’ for any investigation to consider (O’Bryne, M. (2000)), first of which is to preserve life which should have been apparent in the Lawrence case as Stephen Lawrence lay victim so a stabbing but more importantly when police arrived on scene he was still alive, therefore the initial response of the police was unforgiving as they could have saved Stephen Lawrence’s life on first contact at the scene (Murder Investigation Manual (2006)). The ‘Golden Hour(s) The five buildings blocks also link to what is known as the ‘golden hour(s)’ which is associated with getting the best out of initial forensics and evidence collecting that the police must do when abiding by the five building blocks of an investigation. This ‘golden hour(s)’ in the Stephen Lawrence case was not adhered to, in the case it took eleven days for the police to do an E-fit of the suspects and also witnesses confirmed the identities of the suspects 48 hours after the murder which was never followed up by the police’s initial response (Cook, T. and Tattersall, A. (2010)). Innes (2003) argues that ‘The quantity and quality of knowledge available to detectives at an early stage of an enquiry is crucial in terms of how quickly they will begin to progress the investigation’ Innes (2003) states that this period directly after and the next 48 – 72 hours are crucial to the investigation progressing. This rule of the golden hour(s) is essential in any investigation and especially in the initial response, MacPherson Report (1999) criticised the initial response â€Å"We were astonished at the lack of direction and organisation during the vital first hours after the murder.† and therefore for this to be missing this is the stand out criticism of the initial response, which also led to the McPherson report (1999) to conclude that â€Å"The investigation was marred by a combination of professional incompetence, institutional racism and a failure of leadership by senior officers† (Anthias, F. (1999)).This conclusion by the report was heavily critical of the police and their initial response and rightly so (Cottle, S. (ed.) (2000)). In analysis the police could have not seen the crime as a critical incident which could have had the severe consequences caused by the initial response, this could ever so slightly could justify the police’s response to this crime and the scene, however J. Grieve, J. Crego B. Griffiths (2007) define a critical incident as ‘Any event where the effectiveness of the policing response is likely to have a significant impact on the confidence of the victim, their family, or the community.’ The police’s initial response shows that they saw this crime and not matching of the criteria of a critical incident, even though the brutal murder of a young black youth at 10:30pm wasn’t deemed as critical is also a big criticism of the initial response of the police and their investigation (Alison, L. and Crego, J. (Eds) (2007)). What was also heavily criticized by the MacPherson report was the lack of direction and allocation of a senior investigating officer, Mullins, Alison Crego (2008)) informs us that murder investigations appoint a SIO that will act as key-decision maker, with overall responsibility for every aspect of the investigation and invariably involve liaisons with family of victim and any witnesses, as well as with a range of different community groups, local organisations and the media. As seen in the case and highlighted in the MacPherson report (1999) these were not apparent in the tragic case of Stephen Lawrence, where lack of direction and family support was greatly missing in the investigation and was rightly criticised by the MacPherson report. Conclusion In conclusion the initial response of the police can be seen to be fully lacking in most areas, from first contact and the breaking of the first if the five building blocks, to the last process of the investigation. The breaking of the golden hour(s) deadline has to be, however, by far the biggest criticism of the initial response. Which led to the MacPherson Report (1999) outlining the investigation as infamously institutionally racist because of the lack of effort in the initial response to the murder. Cook, T. and Tattersall, A. (2010) stated that the police in their initial response was lacking of any intent to follow up any leads especially with the eye witness accounts of the murderers. The MacPherson Report critically discusses the lack of direction and the unwillingness of the police to investigate under proper guidance from any Senior Investigating Officer, this therefore shows us that the police and their initial response was lacking in all key areas. Therefore from this report and mainly other academic sources it is clear that the police’s initial response the murder of Stephen Lawrence was not at all satisfactory and showed a clear lack of enthusiasm, training and leadership. Which clearly shows that the five building blocks of an investigation and the Golden hour(s) of an investigation are vital, for any investigation of a critical incident to progress in order to finding those responsible for the crime.