The Unreachable Prufrock - Literature Essay Samples

The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock is at once a comic poem as well as a trenchant satire on the low aspects of urban life. Its speaker, a man going bald and self-conscious about his every gesture, represents a sexual as well as spiritual sterility that, by the end, the audience realizes is impossible to overcome. The poem proceeds not in a logical fashion, but in a stream of consciousness, where ideas are only loosely connected and there seems to be no beginning or end. This lack of direction and lack of a coherent time sequence continues until the line I shall wear the bottoms of my trousers rolled, in which the tone of the speaker becomes more assertive but nevertheless does not provide a sense of finality. Even the metaphors in the poem compare vaguely related things, and forces images into each other to create an overall sense of disjunction and chaos. T.S. Eliots judicious use of slant and internal rhymes further convince the audience that the character of J. Alfred Prufrock, a character with but a name and a voice (Bergonzi 17), is immutably unreachable, despite his carefully groomed exterior. From the very beginning, the audience is reminded that there is no way out of the world they are in Prufrocks world despite attempts to reach beyond this social bubble. The epigraph is a quotation from Dantes Inferno XXVII, the words spoken by Guido da Montefeltro, If I thought my answer were to one who ever could return to the world, this flame should shake no more; but since none ever did return alive I answer thee (Bergonzi 15). The indelible first line then follows this ominous warning: Let us go then, you and I (Eliot 276). This powerful yet apprehended invitation reflects the passages in which Virgil gently urges Dante on their journey through the Inferno and Purgatorio (Bergonzi 15). By emphasizing that the audience has now entered a point of no return, Eliot persuades us of the immutability of Prufrocks situation. The next two lines of the poem epitomize th e style of figurative language employed in the poem, When the evening is spread out against the sky/ Like a patient etherized upon a table (Eliot 276). The first line creates an aura of brooding brutality, which is confirmed in the following line by the transfixing image of a corpse on a dissection table. The combination of lyricism and brutality, of soft words and harsh ideas, is exemplified in these lines and will become a dominant element in the rest of the poem (Raffel 26).In this same simile, Eliot employs the concept of indeterminacy. This type of rhetoric appears vague because it assumes that readers will understand all the allusions, and that they will be able to construct an entire idea out of a few words or one phrase (Raffel 29). The simile in lines 2-3 makes a comparison between two vastly unrelated figures, the sky and a patient. This loose connection ties in with the intense triviality of Prufrocks own well-bred existence. Prufrock is not really living his life activel y; rather, he contemplates on situations where he could have acted or thought a certain way. His discursive narrative serves to emphasize his incapability for warmth and emotional attachment. The greatest indeterminacy in this poem is in the underlying overwhelming question, which is never expressly formulated (Raffel 31). It is safe to assume from the context that the overwhelming question which Prufrock cannot formulate is, What is the meaning of this life? (Raffel 31) He realizes that life consists of more than simply toast, tea, and cuffed trousers; however he will never be able to pose that question explicitly. Although the speaker never gives a defined outline of his thoughts the ideas are mostly jumbled and topsy-turvy through the context, readers are able to formulate this encompassing question without too much difficulty. Indeterminacy is a key element to understanding the purpose of Prufrocks train of thought, and the significance of his metaphors to the poem as a whole.Al ong with indeterminacy is the idea of parts representing a whole. Eliot never gives us tangible visual images, but rather forces us to make the most unlikely comparisons, for example comparing the sky to a stretched out patient, or associating the yellow fog that rubs its back upon the window panes with a cat (Eliot 276). He also never presents the woman whom Prufrock dreams of encountering, except in fragments and in plurals eyes, arms, skirts synecdoches we might well imagine as fetishistic replacements (Christ). The poet presents a somewhat concrete image of Prufrock himself, My morning coat, my collar mounting firmly to the chin, / My necktie rich and modest, but asserted by a simple pin , only to proceed to deconstruct it by the watching eyes of another into thin arms and legs, a balding head brought in upon a platter The poem, in these various ways, decomposes the body, making ambiguous its sexual identification (Christ). The following passage demonstrates Eliots tendency to use the French style of using the definite article with parts of the body, removing the sense of any personal identity: And I have known the eyes already, known them all The eyes that fix you in a formulated phrase, And when I am formulated, sprawling on a pin, When I am pinned and wriggling on the wall, Then how should I begin To spit out all the butt-ends of my days and ways?(Eliot 277)The fragmentation of the body also illustrates the horror of sex and its power to dissect. Eliot sees sex as the tyranny of one part of the body over the whole (North). Prufrocks sexual desires end up pulling his body apart. Eliots mentioning of scattered members evokes a horrifying image of the violence of sex [that] robs the individual of the integrity necessary to action (North). However, there also arises an element of pity to Prufrocks sexual sterility. Although he is capable of expressing desire, he is insufficiently sexual to do anything about it. He is able to contemplate and appreciate the sensuality of Arms that are braceleted and white and bare and the skirts that trail along the floor, but he will not be capable to consume his fantasies (Raffel 24). Eliots language also concisely presents an element of shock. The seemingly lyrical lines, There will be time, there will be time leads to the ominous statement, There will be time to murder and create. (Eliot 276). This contrast is also present in the transition from the serious hundred indecisionshundred visions and revisions to the mocking tone of, before the taking of a toast and tea (Raffel 26). Prufrocks dreamy and exotic observation of mermaids singing is darkened by the hopelessness of his following statement, I do not think they will sing to me (Eliot 278). He is very much a hopeless romantic, and this poem is passionately ironic. The title itself is a prime example of this irony. The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock is constructed like one of Eliots metaphors, the sweetness and delicacy of a Love Song undercut b y the bizarre and uptight name of Prufrock. In the full title of the poem the conventional expectations of Love Song are instantly and sharply counteracted by the absurd proper name that follows (Bergonzi 14).Moreover, the varied usage of rhyme and meter serve to emphasize ironic aspects of the poem. For example, the regular (but imperfect) iambic pentameter in the lines. In the room where the women come and go/ Talking of Michelangelo, as well as its blatant end rhyme, mark it as an undercutting or mocking feature. This tone passage is also ironic because it derides the very objects that Prufrock is finding to seduce: women. Overall, the use of rhyme is scattered, just as the length of stanzas and lines are varied. The rhyme in /I, sky/ in lines 1 and 2, as well as /argument, intent/ in lines 8 and 9 present an off-key sound, that reflects the discursiveness of the monologue. The persistent over-rhyme in /dare, stair, hair/ in the following passage evokes a kind of insistence that quickens the pace of the poem and adds suspense: To wonder, Do I dare? and Do I dare?Time to turn back and descend the stair,With a bald spot in the middle of my hair(Eliot 276277)Eliot uses this method to build suspense and to heighten the shock effect when it comes. The stanza beginning with the line The yellow fog that rubs its back upon the window-panes is an example of this kind of soft passage, which leads to the next, more substantial and vehemently worded stanza beginning with a similar line (Raffel 28). The structure of the stanzas, the rhyme and meter all contribute to enhance the idiosyncrasies of Prufrocks speech, which makes us pity and scorn him. The last lines of the poem have the power to almost transcend the worldly society Prufrock is permanently a part of: We have lingered in the chambers of the sea By sea-girls wreathed with seaweed red and brown Till human voices wake us, and we drown (Eliot 279)The possibility of both drowning and waking offers an eventual pos sibility of escapingfrom one of the most intense, yet controlled, immersions in extreme experience in modern literature (Bergonzi 18). Because of the hopelessness described previously, the possibility of flight becomes all the more tempting. However, this will never happen, because the dire predicament set by the epigram at the very beginning of the poem is inescapable. Eliots poem presents indirectly through the use of metonymies, metaphors, rhyme and meter, a character and situation that are as volatile as the speakers will to change his life. By reducing himself to an attendant lord (not Prince Hamlet), Prufrock agrees to play the secondary character, and not take charge (Eliot 178). His whole discourse lacks strength, and even when he firmly quotes Lazarus: I am Lazarus, come from the dead, / Come back to tell you all, I shall tell you all , he weakens his statement with the apologetic That is not what I meant to say at all. / That is not it, at all (Eliot 278). The elusive m etaphors depict a strong motif: Prufrocks character and situation. Furthermore, they confirm his incapability to transcend a life of triviality and immutability.BibliographyBergonzi, Bernard. Master of World Literature: T.S. Eliot. Ed. Louis Kronenberger. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1972. 14 19. Christ, Carol. On The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock . Modern American Poetry. http://www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/poets/a_f/eliot/prufrock.htm (2 April 2004) North, Michael. On The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock . Modern American Poetry. http://www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/poets/a_f/eliot/prufrock.htm (2 April 2004)Raffel, Burton. T.S. Eliot. New York: Fredrick Ungar Publishing Co., Inc., 1982. 24 31.

The Aftermath Of Abduction And Human Trafficking - 1266 Words

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College Is Not For College - 1486 Words

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Analysis Of The Red Badge Of Courage By Stephen Crane

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English Language July 25, 2014 Novel Analysis Assignment The Red Badge of Courage by Stephen Crane Plot and Conflict The Red Badge of Courage starts out in the civil war and the main character Henry Fleming talking to his mother about joining the union army. She doesn t want Henry to join but wishes him good luck anyway. When Henry enlists, he soon finds out that joining the army wasn t as he expected. He wishes to fight in battle right away but his regiment is only practicing marching and things or that sort. Through the ups and downs of his camp he soon becomes friends with many people, one of which (Jim Cocking) hears rumors about a flanking attack that they will soon be in charge of. Soon enough Henry and his regiment start marching and begin an attack. This is the first battle for e regiment so Henry along with a few other soldiers desert the battle. After Henry walks for a while he meets up with Jim and talks with him for a while before Jim dies. Henry continues his walk when he stumbles upon another deserted union soldier. The two argue and the other soldier hits Henry on the head with the b utt of his rifle and causes Henry to bleed. With the help of another soldier, he finds his way back to the regiment by night and gets treated for his wound. Henry tells everyone that he got his wound from battle and no one suspects him for deserting. During the night his friend Wilson cares for him. The next day, Henry is well rested and leads severalShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Red Badge Of Courage By Stephen Crane1395 Words   |  6 PagesJunhee Chung A.P English Language August 20, 2015 Novel Analysis Assignment The Red Badge of Courage by Stephen Crane Plot and Conflict The Red Badge of Courage is a story of humility and courage. The setting is during the Civil War with the 304th Regiment. Henry Fleming, the story’s main protagonist has many questions that need to be answered. 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Using A Five Point Likert Scale - 1624 Words

Measures There were several measures used in this study. One was informal social control. This was measured using a five-point Likert scale. â€Å"Residents were asked about the likelihood (‘would you say it is very likely, likely, neither likely nor unlikely, unlikely, or very unlikely’) that their neighbors could be counted on to intervene in various ways if (i) children were skipping school and hanging out on a corner, (ii) children were spray-painting graffiti on a local building, (iii) children were showing disrespect to an adult, (iv) a fight broke out in front of their house, and (v) the fire station closes to their home was threatened with budget cuts† (Sampson et al., 1997, 919-920). The second is social cohesion and trust. Social cohesion and trust was measured by a five-point Likert scale as well. They were asked how strongly they agree to the following statements: â€Å"people around here are willing to help their neighbors, this a close knit neighborhood, people in this neighborhood can be trusted, people in the neighborhood generally don’t get along with each other and people in this neighborhood don’t share the same values† (Sampson et al., 1997, 920). Violence was also measured. Violence was measured in three ways. The first was asking the residents how often certain situations occur in the neighborhood. Examples include a fight that a weapon was used or a violent argument between neighbors. The second way is personal victimization. The residents were asked ifShow MoreRelatedMeasuring Customer Engagement On Social Media Essay876 Words   |  4 Pagesexamine the consumer’s evaluations regarding product and company information on the brand’s official Twitter account that they â€Å"follow†. In this study, information quality is measured with five items created by Cao et al.’s and Zhang and vo n Dran’s. All five items are measured using a 7-point Likert-type scale ranging from â€Å"strongly disagree† (1) to â€Å"strongly agree† (7). Following past researches regarding entertainment (Cao et al., 2005; Ou Sia, 2010; Zhang von Dran, 2000), the entertainmentRead MoreMeasuring Customer Engagement On Social Media Essay969 Words   |  4 Pagesthey â€Å"follow† .Information quality is measured with five items modified from instruments created by Cao et al.’s and Zhang and von Dran’s. Cao et al. and Zhang and von Dran used the items to measure company websites so the items are modified to fit this research. All five items are measured using a 7-point Likert-type scale ranging from â€Å"strongly disagree† (1) to â€Å"strongly agree† (7). Following past definitions of entertainment as a reference point (Cao et al., 2005; Ou Sia, 2010; Zhang von DranRead MoreThe Theoretical Model Proposed Before Primary Data Essay1294 Words   |  6 Pageschapter provides a detailed description of the methodology, which will be used to investigate the hypothesized relationships, presented in the previous chapter. In order to test the theoretical model proposed before, primary data will be collected using an online survey. Surveys collect data from a population of respondents as an attempt to understand behavior in a variety of contexts (Negrine Newbold, 1998). According to Bostrom (1998), surveys are an appropriate research approach to use to understandRead MoreLikert Scales: Composition, Opportunities, and Limitations Essay815 Words   |  4 Pagessurveying techniques. Likert scales, especially, have been very helpful in this regard due to their simplicity, ease to conduct and interpret, and high specificity as to which aspects are being measured. In fact, surveying before and after implementing changes proves very helpful as it indicates the level of success or failure. So, what is the composition of a Likert scale and what are the opportunities and limitations of this survey instrument? â€Æ' Origin and composition of Likert scale The way attitudinalRead MoreOnline Purchase Behavior Of Consumers1524 Words   |  7 Pagessecondary data. The secondary data was collected from various sources such as academic journal, e-books, corporate annual report and library sources related to the research topic, online purchase behavior of consumers. The primary data was collected by using the quantitative research method. This method involves usage of numbers and statistical techniques to measure and identify underlying patterns. Researcher’s personal involvement is required and the results obtained can be used by other studying theRead MoreLinkert Scale Survey782 Words   |  3 PagesLikert survey scale was invented by Rensis Likert, who was first to apply this approach in surveys to check attitudes. The main advantage of his method is that it requires less time to develop and is easier to adopt than the previously used survey methods. Moreover, the Linkert’s approach does not require the use of negative wor ding points, which is why Linkert scale survey has been used so much. â€Å"Likert Scaling is a undimensional scaling method. As in all scaling methods, the first step is to defineRead MoreOnline Psychology Program At Southern New Hampshire University1071 Words   |  5 Pagessubjects was given, and all subjects’ data were kept confidential. Measures The Love Attitudes Scale (Hendrick Hendrick, 1986), a 42-item questionnaire, was designed to measure attitudes of love. For the current study, the Love Attitudes Scale will be modified and shortened. The questionnaire combines attitudes towards one’s current, recent, or hypothetical partners with attitudes about love. The scale is broken into the following 6 subscales, representing a different love style: Eros (passionateRead MoreOnline Psychology Program At Southern New Hampshire University1089 Words   |  5 Pageswas given, and all subjects’ data were kept confidential. Measures The Love Attitudes Scale (Hendrick Hendrick, 1986), a 42-item questionnaire, was designed to measure attitudes of love. For the current study, the Love Attitudes Scale will be modified and shortened. The questionnaire combines attitudes towards one’s current, recent, or hypothetical partners with attitudes about love in mind. The scale is broken into the following 6 subscales, representing a different love style: Eros (passionateRead MoreEmotional Support Hiv Emotional And Physiological Health Essay947 Words   |  4 Pagescredit or research experience points for participating. Six participants were eliminated form the study, lowering the number to 258; one withdrew because of religious reasons and five were eliminated because they suspected they were speaking with a confederate. Participants were first asked to identify three upsetting events that had happened to them within the past month and to assign each a number based on how upset they felt about the event. A Likert-type scale was used, which allowed participantsRead MoreIn This Study, A Total Of 109 Participants Varying In Age1409 Words   |  6 Pagesdemographic characteristics are important because they have the ability to strongly impact people’s belief and their thoughts about love and the meaning of romance. In this study, we analyzed a variety of subjects using a survey as a means of measurement. The survey was conducted online using Qualtrics, an online survey software tool that makes the distribution, collection and analysis of survey easier to execute The survey was a combination of 8 small surveys in which we refer to in this study as blocks

Is Latin America a More Democratic Place Today Than It Was in 1945 Free Essays

Is Latin America a more democratic place today than it was in 1945? Given the word and time restrictions, an in depth analysis of each Latin American country’s democratic progression across the time period would simply not be feasible. Instead I will attempt to look at Latin America’s progression as a whole and will provide examples of specific countries situations where relevant, in particular Venezuela. Firstly it is important to distinguish between two ideas. We will write a custom essay sample on Is Latin America a More Democratic Place Today Than It Was in 1945 or any similar topic only for you Order Now One is democracy. For democracy to work, there must be free and fair elections. There must be more than one political party. The people of the country should have a good education so that they can make informed choices. They should share a common culture. All must accept the idea that everyone has equal rights. Finally, there must be rule by law, not by power. In other words there must be a separation of power, which means that the judiciary has to be a completely different body from the governing power of the country. Many nations in Latin America have had dif? culty achieving democracy because all these factors are not present. The second idea is that of democratic culture. This involves the existence of constitutions, respect for rights, transparency when it comes to policies and governmental decisions and crucially, no corruption. Latin America, when viewed as a whole, is generally viewed as a more democratic place now than in 1945 but it would be wrong to assert that during the past 68 years Latin American countries have undergone a steady increase in democracy. Brazil is a prime example of a country that has gone through fluctuations in democracy throughout the period. Currently in Latin America, despite being in a state of relative poverty when compared to the rest of the world, the majority of countries have become, at least formally, electoral democracies. 13 countries are now classed as free, 8 as partially free, with only Cuba and Haiti being deemed as not. Venezuela, following the recent passing of Hugo Chavez, is at a crossroads on its journey to democracy. However many question how democratic a ruler Chavez actually was in his time as president. One of two very important relationships to analyse is that of democracy and the level of development in a country or in this case Latin America. This leads on to what is one of the most stable relationships in social sciences, the positive correlation between high levels of wealth and established democracy (Lipset 1959). To back this statistic up, a democratic regime has never fallen after a country has reached a certain level of income per capita, which is said to be $6055 (Przeworski 2000). In 1945 Latin America was still recovering from the economic shockwaves caused by the great depression of 1930. This global economic crisis meant that the rest of the world was not demanding any imports from Latin America. At the time these would have been mainly raw materials and this lack of export revenue for the South American countries had a detrimental effect on their situations in the majority of cases. During the decade or so after the great depression, around 1945, the effects will have trickled down and income per capita and GDP levels will have been significantly reduced. This will in turn have destabilised democracy attempts and can be viewed as a reason for why Latin America was less democratic then than it is now. Without the economic and financial means it is very difficult to achieve a fully functioning democracy. Of course it is worth pointing out that we are nearing the end of a fairly gruelling global economic downturn today but the consequences for Latin America are far less in this instance. The economic growth in Latin America has been very modest throughout the 68 years in question but more importantly it has been volatile. Periods of prosperity in several countries have been followed by long periods of stagnation and even negative growth. This volatility can be seen in Latin American countries progression since independence in terms of democracy as well. Take Brazil as an example. The country became independent in 1822 and was ruled by a monarchy. In 1930 this monarchy was overthrown and the country was under a dictatorship for a couple of decades. In 1956 an elected leader was installed only to be replaced by military rule 10 years later. Finally in the 1980’s, as a result of yet another economic decline, Brazil was yet again ruled by an elected president. The other significant relationship that needs to be looked at is that of democracy and corruption. Corruption is usually defined as a violation of the norms of public office for personal gain (Nye 1967). It has been suggested that corruption permeates everyday life in Latin America with only very high profile cases ever being unveiled in a court of law and even then this only happens in the more democratic countries (Blake and Morris 2009). Here are a few statistics to back this assertion up. In a 2004 survey 42 % of respondents ranked the probability of paying a bribe to the police as high, while 35% expressed the same ease of bribing a judge (Blake and Morris 2009). In a 2005 survey, 43% of respondents in Paraguay and 31% in Mexico admitted to having paid a bribe just within the past twelve months (Blake and Morris 2009). Democracy has a complex and multifaceted relationship to corruption (Doig and Theobald 2000). It provides alternative avenues to obtain and then use power and wealth. This leads to brand new opportunities for corruption. However despite the fact that democracy makes it easier for corruption to exist, when there is a democracy it becomes of even greater importance to supress corruption as it strikes at the very meaning of democracy itself. To sum this idea up, corruption undermines the essence of citizenship, distorting and crippling democracy (Blake and Morris 2009). It is clear from the statistics in the previous paragraph that corruption continues in today’s Latin America to have a tight grip over many if not all of its countries. Therefore it is very difficult to say that democracy has come on in leaps and bounds since 1945 when as crucial a factor as corruption is still such a plague to the region. Another factor when looking at democracy in the continent is the level of education. People must be aware of the fact that there is more than one option in a democracy. It is also crucial that the population of a country understands the concept of propaganda. A democracy can only work in a country with a certain level of education otherwise it can easily be classed as brainwashing, especially with the level of influence that the media can have over an ill-educated population. An example of what a lack of education can do in a democracy is that during the elections in which Chavez was voted in, he very nearly missed out on the appointment because his main rival was a former Miss Venezuela. The implication of this is that a worrying amount of the Venezuelan public didn’t vote for Chavez because there was a far better looking female alternative. Of course this could just be cynicism and she may well have had a very impressive manifesto and realistic yet progressive goals. During Chavez’ time in power though, he managed to substantially increase literacy along with reducing poverty by over half. Chavez had many positive effects on Venezuela, not least providing them with 14 years of stable rule. However his recent death has thrown the country off its feet and they are at risk of descending into political turmoil. Further examples of why Latin America was less democratic in 1945 include the fact that leading South American countries such as Columbia and Argentina had still not given women the right to vote. Universal suffrage is something that can be found in certain definitions of democracy for example Dahl’s and was definitely holding those countries back at that stage in their bid for democracy (Dahl 1971). To conclude, it is safe to say that Latin American countries are in a better overall place than in 1945 but that corruption in particular is holding them back. A country needs to be not only ready for democracy but also willing to accept it. It can definitely be argued that not all Latin American countries are ready for democracy but one final point may indicate that they are nearing acceptance of it. This is that something the Latin Americans care greatly about is their national identity, an idea that is very closely linked to democracy. Therefore with the rapid increase in globalisation endangering this coveted national identity, South American countries are rapidly warming to the idea of being democratic. Bibliography: Charles H. Blake Stephen D. Morris (1999), Corruption and Democracy in Latin America, published by the University of Pittsburgh Press. * R. A. Dahl (1971), Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition, published by Yale University Press. * Alan Doig and Robin Theobald (2000), Corruption and Democratization. * S. M. Lipset (1959), Some Social Requisites of Democracy, Economic Development and Political Illegitimacy. * A. Przewor ski (2000), Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Well-being in the World 1950-1990, Cambridge University Press. How to cite Is Latin America a More Democratic Place Today Than It Was in 1945, Papers

HELPING THE HOMELESS Essay Example For Students

HELPING THE HOMELESS Essay By Vilma Latalladi Ms. VanderbyNovember, 1998 On a chilly February afternoon, an old man sits sleeping on the sidewalk outside a New York hotel while the lunchtime crowd shuffles by. At the mans feet is a sign, which reads: Wont you help me? Im cold and homeless and lonely. God bless You (Chambers 11). Imagine, if you can, the life this man leads. He probably spends his days alone on the street begging for handouts, and his nights searing for shelter from the cold. He has no job, no friends, and nowhere to turn. Although most Americans would like to believe that cases like this are rare, the National Coalition for the Homeless estimates that as many as three million citizens of our country share this mans lifestyle (Tucker 34). Who are these people we call the homeless, and what are the reasons for their predicament? According to Pastor Walker, the director of the Gospel Missions Shelter in Sioux City, Iowa, most of the homeless are unemployed males, and from 40 to 50 percent have alcohol or drug-related problems. Walker also points out, however, that the image of the typical homeless person is changing. He says, for instance, that the average age of the homeless has dropped from fifty-five to thirty in the last ten years (Walker interview). National students also show that Americas homeless population is changing. A recent study by the U.S. Conference of Mayors, for example, found that one-third of the homeless population consists of families with small children, and 22 percent of the homeless have full- or part-time jobs (Mathews 57). Statistics seem to show that more and more of the homeless are entire families who have simply become the victims of economic hardship. Why are these people still on the streets, despite the billions of dollars that are spent on the homeless each year? Some blame the national housing shortage, pointing out that there are not enough homes to fill the countrys need for shelter (Marcuse 426). Further study of the problem, however, suggests that government programs and policies are more likely to blame. The current government programs fall into several categories. Some are handout programs designed to provide food or clothing to all of the needy, not just the homeless. An example of this type of program is the Temporary Emergency Food Assistance Program, created by the federal government in 1981 to make surplus agricultural products available to those in need. Other programs, such as the experimental voucher program and the rent-control system, are intended to provide housing for low-income families that need shelter. Despite the good intentions behind these programs, however, none of them have provided sufficient help for the homeless. Why have these programs been ineffective in cutting down on homelessness? In some cases, the answer is that the programs are not designed to fit the special needs of the homeless. It was estimated in October of 1986, for instance, that 99 percent of the food supplied by the Temporary Emergency Assistance Program had gone to those who where not homeless. The reason? As Anna Dondratas of the Department of agriculture says, When youre homeless, you dont carry around a five-pound block of cheese (qtd. In Whitman 34). Food programs like these are valuable only to those who already have a place to store and prepare the food they are given. The homeless, therefore, are unable to take full advantage of these programs. Not all programs set up to make housing available to those with low incomes have been effective, either. An example is the voucher system, a federal program created in 1983, which allows low-income families to live wherever they can find housing, regardless of cost. The only requirement is that families must pay at least 30 percent of their incomes in rent. Although this system has been successful in finding shelter for some needy families, it is not a long-term solution to homelessness. One problem is that most families who use the voucher system pay a lower percent of their income for rent than those who rent apartments on their own do. Therefore, a family could raise its income simply by becoming homeless (Coulson 16). .ufc59046a79edf3283cb091ffb91813a7 , .ufc59046a79edf3283cb091ffb91813a7 .postImageUrl , .ufc59046a79edf3283cb091ffb91813a7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ufc59046a79edf3283cb091ffb91813a7 , .ufc59046a79edf3283cb091ffb91813a7:hover , .ufc59046a79edf3283cb091ffb91813a7:visited , .ufc59046a79edf3283cb091ffb91813a7:active { border:0!important; } .ufc59046a79edf3283cb091ffb91813a7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ufc59046a79edf3283cb091ffb91813a7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ufc59046a79edf3283cb091ffb91813a7:active , .ufc59046a79edf3283cb091ffb91813a7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ufc59046a79edf3283cb091ffb91813a7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ufc59046a79edf3283cb091ffb91813a7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ufc59046a79edf3283cb091ffb91813a7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ufc59046a79edf3283cb091ffb91813a7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ufc59046a79edf3283cb091ffb91813a7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ufc59046a79edf3283cb091ffb91813a7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ufc59046a79edf3283cb091ffb91813a7 .ufc59046a79edf3283cb091ffb91813a7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ufc59046a79edf3283cb091ffb91813a7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Sir Gawain and the Green Knights Sir Gawain Essay The second problem with the program is that it .